Summary
Background
Following paralysis, facial reanimation surgery can restore movement by nerve and/or
muscle transfer within the face. The subtleties of lip and cheek movements during
smiling are important aspects in assessing reanimation. This study quantifies average
3D movement vectors of the face during smiling based on the diverse Binghamton University
3D facial expression database to yield normative measures of lip and cheek movement.
Methods
The analysis was conducted on 100 subjects with 3D facial scans in a neutral and 4
increasing smile intensities, as well as associated labeled 3D landmark points. Each
subject set of 3D scans was rigidly registered to measure average displacement vectors
(distance, azimuth, and elevation) between the neutral and happy expressions.
Results
The average lip commissure displacement was found to be 9.2, 11.4, 13.5, and 16.0
mm for increasing smile levels 1–4, respectively. Similarly, the average commissure
azimuth angle across all 4 smile levels is ∼44 ± 21 degrees, and the average elevation
angle across all 4 smile levels is ∼37 ± 15 degrees. The maximum cheek displacement
from the neutral expression was 4.5, 5.7, 6.8, and 7.9 mm for the smile levels 1–4,
respectively. The average cheek movement azimuth angle is outward (increasing 1–13
degrees), and the elevation angle is upward (increasing 51–59 degrees) from the face.
Conclusions
These data quantifying 3D lip and cheek smile displacements improve the understanding
of facial movement and may be applicable to future assessment/planning of facial reanimation
surgeries.
Keywords
Abbreviations:
3D (three dimensional), 2D (two dimensional), BU-3DFE database (Binghamton University 3D facial expression), P (philtral), LMUL (left mid-upper lip), LC (left commissure), LMLL (left-mid lower lip), LM (lower lip midpoint), HA (happy expression)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 21, 2022
Accepted:
August 16,
2022
Received:
June 25,
2021
Footnotes
Part of this work was presented as a poster at the 18th annual Imaging Network Ontario (IMNO) symposium in March 2019 at London, Ontario, Canada. (http://imno.ca/2019-symposium)
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
