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Review| Volume 65, ISSUE 10, P1283-1291, October 2012

Botulinum neurotoxin A: A review

      Summary

      Despite its ubiquity in cosmetic circles and broad general awareness, a literature search of botulinum neurotoxin in JPRAS and BJPS yielded a mere 4 articles germane to cosmesis. A pair each detailing its application in masseteric hypertrophy
      • To E.W.
      • Ahuja A.T.
      • Ho W.S.
      • et al.
      A prospective study of the effect of botulinum toxin A on masseteric muscle hypertrophy with ultrasonographic and electromyographic measurement.
      • Gaofeng L.
      • Jun T.
      • Bo P.
      • et al.
      Evaluation and selecting indications for the treatment of improving facial morphology by masseteric injection of botulinum toxin type A.
      and the use of cryoanalgesia.
      • Cerquiero J.
      • Matti B.
      Beneficial use of an ice-balloon as part of botulinum toxin type A therapy for facial dynamic wrinkles and other skin injection procedures.
      • Engel S.J.
      • Afifi A.M.
      • Zins J.E.
      Botulinum toxin injection pain relief using a topical anesthetic skin refrigerant.
      Given that botulinum neurotoxin A is the most commonly used cosmetic treatment, with American figures being most accurate, a review of the background, development and scientific evidence would be perhaps useful, if not overdue, as Plastic Surgeons increasingly incorporate non-surgical interventions into their practices as part of a comprehensive facial rejuvenation strategy.

      Keywords

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