Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Volume 61, Issue 4 , Pages 359-365 , April 2008

Plastic surgical options for HIV-associated lipodystrophy

Received 28 February 2007 ,Accepted 13 November 2007.

References 

  1. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipoatrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS. 1998;12:F51–F58
  2. Miller J, Carr A, Emery S, et al. HIV lipodystrophy: prevalence severity and correlates of risk in Australia. HIV Med. 2003;4:293–301
  3. Sanchez Torres AM, Munoz Muniz R, Madero R, et al. Prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Eur J Paed. 2005;164:271–276
  4. Puttawong S, Prasithsirikul W, Vadcharavivad S. Prevalence of lipodystropy in Thai-HIV infected patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87:605–611
  5. Sattler F. Body habitus changes relating to lipodystrophy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:84–90
  6. Carr A HIV Lipodystrophy Case Definition Study Group. An objective case definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study. Lancet. 2003;361:726–735
  7. Tien PC, Grunfeld C. What is HIV-associated lipodystrophy? Defining fat distribution changes in HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17:27–32
  8. Carter VM, Hoy JF, Bailey M, et al. The prevalence of lipodystrophy in an ambulant HIV-infected population: it all depends on the definition. HIV Med. 2001;2:174
  9. Behrens GM, Schmidt RE. The lipodystrophy syndrome. In:  Hoffmann C,  Rockstroh J,  Kamps BS editor. HIV Medicine. Flying Publisher; 2003;p. 263–283www.HIVMedicine.com
  10. Chen D, Misra A, Garg A. Lipodystrophy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4845–4856
  11. Talmor M, Hoffman L, LaTrenta GS. Facial atrophy in HIV-related fat redistribution syndrome: anatomic evaluation and surgical reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;49:11–18
  12. Carr A, Cooper DA. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2000;356:1423–1430
  13. Piliero PJ, Hubbard M, King J, et al. The use of ultrasonography-assisted liposuction for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated enlargement of the dorsocervical fat pad. Clin Infect Diseases. 2003;37:1374–1377
  14. Paech V, Lorenzen T, Von Krosigk A, et al. Gynaecomastia in HIV-infected men: association with effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2002;16:1193–1195
  15. Qazi NA, Morlese JF, King D, et al. Gynaecomastia without lipodystrophy in HIV-1-seropositive patients on efavirenz: an alternative hypothesis. AIDS. 2002;16:506–507
  16. Ras F, Habets LLMH, van Ginkel FC, et al. Quantification of facial morphology using stereophotography – a demonstration of a new concept. J Dent. 1996;24:369–374
  17. Bourne CO, Kerr WJ, Ayoub AF. Development of a three-dimensional imaging system for analysis of facial change. Clin Orthod Res. 2001;4:105–111
  18. Hajeer MY, Ayoub AF, Millet DT, et al. Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method. Int J Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2002;17:1–5
  19. Benn P, Ruff C, Cartledge J, et al. Overcoming subjectivity in assessing facial lipoatrophy: is there a role for three dimensional laser scans?. HIV Med. 2003;4:325–331
  20. Sekhar RV, Farool J, Clinton White A, et al. Metabolic basis of HIV-lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283:332–337
  21. van der Valk M, Casula M, Weverlingz GJ, et al. Prevalence of lipoatrophy and mitochondrial DNA content of blood and subcutaneous fat in HIV-1-infected patients randomly allocated to zidovudine or stavudine-based therapy. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:385–393
  22. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorrisdottir A, et al. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet. 1999;353:2093–2099
  23. Tershakovee AM, Frank I, Rader D. HIV-related lipodystrophy and related factors. Atherosclerosis. 2004;174:1–10
  24. Shevitz A, Wanke CA, Falutz J, et al. Clinical perspectives on HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: an update. AIDS. 2001;15:1917–1930
  25. McComsey GA, Walker UA. Role of mitochondria in HIV lipoatrophy: insight into pathogenesis and potential therapies. Mitochondrion. 2004;4:111–118
  26. Milinkovic A, Martinez E. Current perspectives on HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:6–9
  27. Serra-Renom JM, Fontdevila J. Treatment of facial fat atrophy related to treatment with protease inhibitors by autologous fat injection in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:551–555
  28. Coleman SR. Structural fat grafts: the ideal filler?. Clin Plast Surg. 2001;28:111–119
  29. Coleman SR. Treatment of facial fat atrophy related to treatment with protease inhibitors by autologous fat injection in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:556–558
  30. Niechajev I, Sevcuk O. Long-term results of fat transplantation: clinical and histologic studies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;94:496–506
  31. Valantin MC, Aubron-Olivier C, Ghosn J, et al. Polylactic acid implants (Newfill)® to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients: results of the open-label study VEGA. AIDS. 2003;17:2471–2477
  32. Guaraldi G, De Fazio D, Orlando G, et al. Facial lipohypertrophy in HIV-infected subjects who underwent autologous fat tissue transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:13–15
  33. Stauch B, Baum T, Thomas P, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy with dermafat graft transfer to the malar area. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:363–370
  34. Wechselberger G, Sarcletti M, Meirer R, et al. Dermis-fat graft for facial lipodystrophy in HIV-positive patients: is it worthwhile?. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;47:99–100
  35. Endo T, Nakayama Y, Matsuura E, et al. Facial contour reconstruction in lipodystrophy using a double paddle dermis-fat radial forearm free flap. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;32:93–96
  36. Koshy CE, Evans J. Facial contour reconstruction in localized lipodystrophy using free radial forearm adipofascial flaps. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51:499–502
  37. van der Wal KG, Mulder JW. Facial contour reconstruction in partial lipodystrophy using two temporalis muscle flaps. A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;27:14–16
  38. Longaker M, Flynn A, Siebert J. Microsurgical correction of bilateral facial contour deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98:951–957
  39. Klein AW, Elson ML. The history of substances for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:1096–1105
  40. Schecter AK, Sadick NS. Preserved particulate fascia lata for soft tissue augmentation: a review and early results of comparative studies using bovine collagen. Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;18(5):Available from: <www.fascian.com>
  41. Alster T, West T. Human-derived and new synthetic injectable materials for soft-tissue augmentation: current status and role in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:2515–2525
  42. Schwade ND. Implants, soft tissue, Alloderm. E-Medicine 2002.
  43. Eviatar JA, Silvers SL, Echavez MI. Restorative treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:29–30
  44. Gooderham M, Solish N. Use of hyaluronic acid for soft tissue augmentation of HIV-associated facial lipodystrophy. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:104–108
  45. Ritt MJ, Hillebrand-Haverkort ME, ten Veen JH. Local treatment of facial lipodystrophy in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Acta Chir Plast. 2001;43:54–56
  46. Moyle GJ, Lysakova L, Brown S, et al. A randomized open-label study of immediate versus delayed polylactic acid injections for the cosmetic management of facial lipoatrophy in persons with HIV infection. HIV Med. 2004;5:82–87
  47. Rees TD, Ashley FL, Delgado JP. Silicone fluid injections for facial atrophy. A ten year study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;52:118–126
  48. Orentreich D, Leone AS. A case of HIV-associated facial lipostrophy treated with 1000-cs liquid injectable silicone. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:548–551
  49. Jones DH, Carruthers A, Orentreich D, et al. Highly purified 100-csSt silicone oil for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated facial lipoatrophy: an open pilot trial. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:1279–1286
  50. Formigli L, Zecchi S, Protopapa C, et al. Bio-Alcamid: an electron microscopic study after skin implantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:1104–1106
  51. Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Cammarota N, et al. Bio-alcamid, a novel prosthetic polymer, does not interfere with morphological and functional characteristics of human skin fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:489–491
  52. Protopapa C, Sito G, Caporale D, et al. Bio-alcamid in drug-induced lipodystrophy. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2003;5:226–230
  53. Karim RB, Hage JJ, van Rozelaar L, et al. Complications of polyalkylimide 4% injections (Bio-Alcamid): a report of 18 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59:1409–1414
  54. Lemperle G, Hazan-Gauthier N, Lemperle M. PMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for skin and soft-tissue augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:627
  55. McClelland M, Egbert B, Hanko V, et al. Evaluation of Artecoll polymethylmethacrylate implant for soft-tissue augmentation: biocompatibility and chemical characterization. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:1466–1474
  56. Serra MS, Oyafuso LKM, Troppe BM. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for facial atrophy treatment: 5 years follow-up. In: Program and abstracts of the 15th international AIDS conference; Bangkok, Thailand; 11–16 July, 2004 [abstract MoOrB1060].
  57. Wolfort FG, Cerulo CL, Nevarre DR. Suction-assisted lipectomy for lipodystrophy syndromes attributed to HIV-protease inhibitor use. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1814–1819
  58. Ponce-de-Leon S, Iglesias M, Ceballos J, et al. Liposuction for protease-inhibitor associated lipodystrophy. Lancet. 1999;353:1244
  59. Gervasoni C, Ridolfo A, Vaccarezza M, et al. Long-term efficacy of the surgical treatment of buffalo hump in patients continuing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18:574–576
  60. Gold DR, Annino DJ. HIV-associated cervicodorsal lipodystrophy: aetiology and management. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:791–795

PII: S1748-6815(07)00605-5

doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.11.014

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Volume 61, Issue 4 , Pages 359-365 , April 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution