Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Volume 60, Issue 4 , Pages 393-399 , April 2007

The dynamic rotation of Langer's lines on facial expression

  • James Bush

      Affiliations

    • Renovo plc, The Manchester Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom
    • Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Renovo plc, The Manchester Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 161 6037629; fax: +44 161 6067333.
    • ,
  • Mark W.J. Ferguson

      Affiliations

    • Renovo plc, The Manchester Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom
    • Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Tracey Mason

      Affiliations

    • Renovo plc, The Manchester Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Gus McGrouther

      Affiliations

    • Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom

Received 9 April 2006 ,Accepted 11 June 2006.

References 

  1. Gibson T. Editorial. Karl Langer (1819–1887) and his lines. Br J Plast Surg. 1978;31:1–2
  2. Langer K. On the anatomy and physiology of the skin I. The cleavability of the cutis. Br J Plast Surg. 1978;31:3–8
  3. Langer K. On the anatomy and physiology of the skin II. Skin tension. Br J Plast Surg. 1978;31:93–106
  4. Simon HK, Zempsky WT, Bruns TB, et al. Lacerations against Langer's lines: to glue or suture?. J Emerg Med. 1998;16(2):185–189
  5. Wilhelmi BJ, Blackwell SJ, Phillips LG. Langer's lines: to use or not to use. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(1):208–214
  6. Fattahi TT. An overview of facial aesthetic units. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1207–1211
  7. Kraissl CJ, Conway H. Excision of small tumours of the skin of the face with special reference to the wrinkle lines. Surgery. 1949;4:592–600
  8. Borges AF, Alexander JE. Relaxed skin tension lines, z-plasties on scars and fusiform excision of lesions. Br J Plast Surg. 1962;15:242–254
  9. Borges AF. Relaxed skin tension lines (RSTL) versus other skin lines. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73(1):144–150

PII: S1748-6815(06)00443-8

doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.06.008

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Volume 60, Issue 4 , Pages 393-399 , April 2007

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